Netherlandish painting, hard style, Danube school
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Flanders and the neighbouring Netherlandish provinces were among the richest regions of 15th-century Europe. During this period this area became the most important centre of painting north of the Alps. The great artists of the first half of the century, the Master of Flémalle (1376/78 - 1444) and Jan van Eyck (ca. 1390 - 1441), and their followers, Rogier van der Weyden (ca. 1400 - 1464), Petrus Christus (ca. 1400 - 1472?), Dierick Bouts (ca. 1415 - 1475), Hans Memling (ca. 1433 - 1494), and Hugo van der Goes (ca. 1440 - 1482) created a high quality, realistic style using the new technique of oil painting, which became an example to follow in late Gothic painting of this period.
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hard style
In the course of the stylistic changes that took place in the visual arts from the 1430s throughout Europe, the earlier International Gothic was replaced by the so-called 'hard style.' The source of this new style was the Netherlandish art of the period. In contrast with the idealising tendencies of the International Gothic, the hard style favoured realistic and individual representations.
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Danube school
A style of painting that flourished between 1500-1520 in centres in the south German valley of the Danube: in Regensburg, Passau, and Vienna. It had a great influence on Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland as well. The style is characterised by the emphasis of romantically painted landscapes, in which respect it resembles Netherlandish and Venetian painting of the period. The early works of Lucas Cranach painted in Vienna, and the paintings of Albrecht Altdorfer from Regensburg and Wolf Huber from Passau are the representatives of this style. Features similar to those of the Danube school can also be found in contemporary south German sculpture.
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