### university, master
University A type of school, where the research of the methods of thinking and higher level education was united in one place. It was a guild-like autonomous educational organisation (Universitas magistorum et scholarium). Although there were academies already in the old times, the university is the invention of the Middle Ages. At the beginning, the first universities developed from Italian monastic and chapter schools in the 12th century. They were directed by an autonomous board, they were divided into faculties and the students were organised according to their nationality. The forms of education were the lectures and the disputatios (= dispute). The length of study was usually 6 years at the basic level, then the clergyman received the baccalaureatus title, and he could then hold lectures in limited numbers. After this he could become a licentiatus, then a magister (= master). Higher level studies (medicine, law, theology) could be started after finishing the 'artes' faculty. The most famous university was the one in Paris, where the board of teachers consisted of church people, education was focused on theology, and Robert Sorbon founded a college for the poor students, which was approved by Pope Clement IV in 1268. The most significant law-school was in Bologne, where the emphasis was put on laity. Several universities, such as the one in Oxford (from Paris) and Padua (from Bologne), were founded by teachers and students who migrated there (Hungarian students also migrated to Oxford from Paris, e.g. Nicholaus from Hungary, who became a lecturer there), but there were universities which were founded by popes or rulers, the latter ones required papal approval. The first Hungarian university was founded by King Louis (the Great) I, it was approved by Orban V in 1367, which ceased to exist then in the 1390's. SzK Master The equivalent of the Latin word 'magister'. Originally the expression 'magister artium' meant a university degree, in the possession of which the owner could teach anywhere. From the end of the 12th century, however, both in Europe and Hungary, the number of persons who bore this title grew, and there were more and more secular dignitaries among them. In the age of the Árpád dynasty in case of ecclesiastical persons this title might have referred to the university degree, but in the case of secular dignitaries it could only be an honorary title. SzK