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# Transylvania in the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and foundation of a State

On the utility of Anonymus as a source, see György GYÖRFFY, 'Anonymus Gesta Hungarorumának kora és hitelessége' (Itk 1970/1). Gyula KRISTÓ's recent and important appraisal of Anonymus is found in Magyarország története I/2 (Budapest, 1984). For an archaeological assessment of Alpár, see István BÓNA and Gyula NOVÁKI, 'Alpár bronzkori és középkori vára' (Cumania 7: 1982). An prominent early {1-782.} archaeologist, Flóris Rómer, warned his colleagues in l872 'we need to go beyond Anonymus and write our prehistory.'

On the Hungarian raids, see G. FASOLI, Le incursioni ungare in Europa nel secolo X (Florence, 1945), and Sz. De VAJAY, Der eintritt des ungarische Stämmebundes in die europäischen Geschichte (862-933) (Mainz, 1968). For good maps of the raids, with dates, see M. SCHULZE, 'Untersuchungen zu den Ungarneinfällen nach Mittel-, West- und Südeuropa (899-995 n.Chr.)' (Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 31: 1984).

On Hungarian graves in Moldavia from around the time of the Hungarian Conquest, see two works by V. SPINEI, Moldava în secolele XI-XIV (Bucharest, 1982) and Realităţi etnice şi politice în Moldova Meridională in secolele X-XIII: Români şi turanici (Iaşi, 198l). On Frumuşica, see V.I. GROSU contribution to Archeologičeskie issledovanija v Moldavii (Kishinev, 1981).

The first to attempt a new, social classification of archaeological finds relating to the Hungarian Conquest was Béla SZőKE, in 'A honfoglalás és a korai Árpád-kori magyarság régészeti emlékei' (Régészeti Tanulmányok I, Budapest, 1962). István DIENES developed and refined this approach, and I have drawn on the resulting study, A honfoglaló Magyarok ('Hereditas', Budapest, 1972); in the same work, Dienes discusses the hair-ornament from Gálospetri and reassesses the stirrup and bridle from Muszka.

The archaeological traces in Transylvania of the Hungarian Conquest were noted by János BODROGI in 'Alsófehérvármegyei honfoglaláskori sirleletek', Az Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület hetedik vándorgyűlésének emlékkönyve 1912 (Kolozsvár 1913). GÉZA NAGY drew on this work in preparing the first comprehensive assessment, 'Erdély a honfoglalás idejében a régészeti leletek világánál' (Arch. Ért. 33: 1919). Progress has been modest, for the more recent register of finds accounts for only nineteen cemeteries, dating from the 10th-12th centuries, east of the borders of today's Hungary, and half of these ware already known to Nagy: Géza FEHÉR, Kinga ÉRY, and Alán KRALOVÁNSZKY, 'A közép-Duna-medence magyar honfoglalás és kora Árpád-kori sírleletei' (Régészeti tanulmányok II, Budapest, 1962).