Tétel adatlapja
CÍMLAP
Szemere Bertalan
Civilization in Hungary

INDEX, PREFACE



Index

Answer I.

Introduction
Statistical remarks on the different Races in Hungary
Count Stephen Szechenyi
Flattery does not improve a nation
Position of the Author
Spirit of the Hungarian Constitution
The "misera plebs contribuens"
Egypt, India, and Peru, compared with Hungary
Political Liberty - an exclusive privilege of the Magyars
The disaster at Mohacs
England under Charles II
Buckle on the history of every civilized nation

Answer II.

Government and their influence upon a nation
The Germans and the Reformation
The voice of truth
Consequences of the Magyar dominion in general
The cause of the evil
What has the Magyar constitution done for the Citizen and the Peasant
The Magnates and their social position
The Roman Catholic Clergy
The Nobility
The Sandal-nobility (Bocskoros)
The Burghers
The Peasant
More lawyers than burghers and peasants

Answer III.

Hungary from a religious point of view
Tolerance in Hungary
Casuistry in politics
John Zapolya
Queen Mary and Luther
Decision of the Magnates against the Lutherans
Zapolya's alliance with the Turks
60,000 Christians carried into slavery
Ferdinand I. and the Protestant preacher, Devay
Education of the Emperor-King
Maximilian I.
Maximilian and his ideas of reform
Maximilian and Martin Eisengrün
Rudolph, his education, character, and occupations
Bishop Bornemissza
Draskovitch made Cardinal
Matthias
Archbishop Forgács
Cardinal Peter Pazman
The Germans are victorious at the end of the Thirty-years War. - The reason of it
Ferdinand II.
Count Stephen Palfy
Nicolaus Eszterhazy and Adam Thurzo
Ferdinand III.
The Romish clergy after the Peace of Linz
Leopold I. and Maria Theresia
Franz Nádasdy, Chief Justice of Hungary
The monarchical form of government
Why is England superior to Wales and Ireland
Joseph II.
The spirit of progress in Austria
Mill "On Liberty"

Answer IV.

There is nothing accidental in the development of a nation
The "Magyars the bulwark of Christendom"
John Zapolya
Bocskay
Fessler on Sigismund Rakotzy
Tendencies of the Liberals
German boys sent to the Turks
Bocskay poisoned
Gabriel Bethlen and George Rakotzy
The Germans delivering Hungary from the Turks, and Emerich Tököly
Leopold and Caraffa
England and Scotland united
Francis Rakotzy
His Memoirs
On the people
On the rebellious troops
Views on the sancity of an oath
How Bocskay became a rebel
About the peasants
Rakotzy on Count Berzsenyi
Philosophers precede every great political movement

Answer V.

Austria humbled the aristocracy
Gunpowder and its influence
Equal taxation
Adam Smith's Four General Maxims on Taxation
The "Westminster Review" on Hungary
Probable influence of equal taxation
Difficulties to be overcome by Austria
The administration of justice improved
Tolerance and intolerance
Right of the Magyars to introduce their language
German the only possible official language
Statistical remarks on Newspapers
Germanism and criticism
Effects of criticism
Great States striving for union
Austria and the Nationalities
Relation of the Magyars to the Germans
Austria and the trade corporations
Consequences of the former trade regulations
The future of the Austrian Empire
Plato and the modern Statesmen
Intellect the only fit guide of a State

Answer VI.

Louis Napoléon and the Magyars
Louis XIV. and Louis Napoléon
The Restoration of an Occidental Empire
French Policy and Influence
Influences on the development of National Character
France and the French
Maurice of Saxony and his love
The people in France
The English Language and the French Revolutionary Heroes
Consequences of the French Revolutions
Causes of England's Success in her Revolutionary Movements
Industry and its Influence on the Development of a State
England always preceded France in her great intellectual and social movements
Theories in continual opposition with actions in France
Rousseau, Voltaire, Helvétius
The Magyars and the French
The Magyars and the English
Consequences of contradiction between theory and practice
German thinkers
French ideas on the Continent
France and her centralized official state
Europe and the Franco-Russian schemes
The Austrians and the last war in Italia
Hénault on the soul of history

Answer VII.

Austria and France
The art of governing as practised by Louis Napoléon
The Franco-Russian plans against Germany
Europe-Cossac
Charles I.
Louis XVI.
Austria and self-government
How to develop Austria's resources
The Magyars and their claims
The actual State of Europe
Conclusion



Preface

There is hardly any country about which so many false ideas are propagated as Hungary; and M. Barth. de Szemere has considerably increased these false ideas, by publishing recently seven letters upon Hungary, which he has addressed to Mr. Cobden, M.P. These letters are full of assertions calculated to confirm certain prejudiced opinions which prevail concerning his country. Hungary certainly occupies an important position in the Austrian dominions, but by no means such an important one as is generally supposed; for it can only occasion negative injury, it cannot effect anything positive in the present complication of Eastern politics, especially if Magyar views were carried out. Szemere is a man of talent and possesses a great many good ideas; he was very active as a philanthropist in introducing reforms in the management of the prisons of his native country, and was also known in the Hungarian literature as the author of some very interesting travels. He was the only Magyar republican in the government of 1848, and energetically resisted the dreams of establishing a Kossuth dynasty, which were supposed to hover before the ambitious vision of M., but more particularly Madame, Kossuth; and this was the cause of the enmity which broke out in exile between the late governor of Hungary and his prime minister.

[...]

Should I be reviled by all parties in Hungary, it will only be in consequence of having told the truth; but the present moment is too important to allow anyone to remain silent, when by a few truthful remarks, he may, perhaps, promote the real development of his country.


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